ဋဘဦဳဧဃကဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦ
ဋမဠဂဢဦဎအိ (15/03/07)
ညိဂဢဦဏဈဢဦ 26-30/12/2006 ညဠဥဆသဋဢဥဋယဦဆမဟဏဢဨဆဗဂဢဦဎအဥထိကဢဤဆဗဂဢဦကဣဘဤထသဏဢဤဃိဋဢဦဎသဈဢဎမဈဢဇအဦ-ဎဗဏဢဦ-ဝခဤ ဎအဥညအဗဥဆလဏဢဦဎဠဎိဋဢ ဈဢဣဦဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦ 4-5 ဏဈဢဦ် ခဢဣဥဌိဈဢဦ ညမဠစဢဝညဥဲဥဉလဈဢဆဗဂဢဦဳဧညိဂဢဥ်
ဈဢဣဦကဘဥကဠဈဢဦခမဠဏဢဦဆအဦဎအဗငမဉဢဦဃဗဏဢဦခမဠဏဢဦဈဢဣဦဎဟဋဢဥဖဘဧဏဈဢဦဋမဠဏဢဥဈအဨ ကဣဗဋဢဦဎဗဆဢဥဎဗဏဢဦဆဂဢဦဇအဦဃဋဢကဈဢရငဉမဠဈဢဥျ ဉလကဢဨဏဘဥ ဎဋဢဤငလဂဢဉမဠဂဢဥကဈဢထမဆဢဦထယဥရကဘဥ ကဠဈဢဦ ဋမဠဂဢဦဆဂဢဦငိဂဢဖဂဢဤခိဂဢ ဎဗဆဢဥရဆဘဤကဈဢထဋဢဤဆဗဉဢဥဋယဦဎဗဋဢဥငမဟဏဢဤကဗဂဢ (ကဠဈဢဦဃအိဥဉမဈဢဤ ညဘငဘ) ဉိဂဢဤကဣဗဋဢဦကဈဢဃဋဢဃဋဢဳဏဢဉဗကဢဤဆလဋဢရကဘဥဏဘဥဎအဥ်
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| ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ ဏလဂဢဦဂဏဢဥဋမဠဂဢဦခိဂဢဎဗဏဢဦ ထဈဢဆဂဢဥဌဠဤတမဋဢဦဖဂဢဤဈဋဢဨခိဂဢ |
ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ ဉလဈဢဏလဂဢဦဎဠဂဢဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦ ဏအဗဦဎမဟဈဢဦဏလဂဢဦဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦ် ဏလဂဢဦဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦ (Luang Phrabang) ကဠဥဉိကဢဥဈအဨေဂဢဨဏလဂဢဦကလဂဢဦဆိဂဢဦ (Vieng Xieng Thong) ် ကလဂဢဦ ဆိဂဢဦ ဆဂဢဥဋမဠဏဢဥဉယခဍမငဢဨဆဢ 8 ဳဏဢဉဗကဢဤဃလဂဢဉယျ ဇမဟဂဢဥဋဘဦ 13 ဳဏဢဉဗကဢဤဃလဂဢဉယဃဂဢဤဉလဈဢဤဋဘဦ ေဂဢဨဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦ (ကိဉဢဥူညဘဦညပဗဂဢဦဋဘဦဌဠဤ)် ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢဆဂဢဥဉလဈဢဏလဂဢဦဎဠဂဢ ဋဘဦဋမဠဏဢဥ 16 ဳဏဢဉဗကဢဤဃလဂဢဉယျ ဃဏဢဥရတဘခဋဢဦဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦ ဃဏဢဥငလဆဢဦဇဘဇမဍဗဃဢဥခအဗဧဎဠဂဢဦဋဘဦဆဂဢဥဏလဂဢဦရတဘခဋဢဦျ ကိဉဢဥငမဟကဢဦဋဗဈဢဥဋဘဦဆမဟကဢဦရဆဘဦဌဘဧဎသဏဢဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦ် ဃဏဢဥဖဘဧ ဂဟဋဢဥတဟဉဢဥ ဆဂဢဥထဘဤဈဘဤဃဗကဢဥဎဗဈဢဨဃဗဂဢဨ ထဏဢဏလဂဢဦကလဂဢဦဆိဂဢဦဉလဈဢဏလဂဢဦရတဘခဋဢဦဋဘဦဃလဋဢဋမဠဏဢဥဳဏဢဉဗကဢဤ 14 ဝဎဥ ဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဃဂဢဤဎအဥဃမဟဏဢဥဏဘဥဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဈဢဨဃဗဂဢဨ ဋဘဦရဆဘဤ ဏဈဢဦဋမဠဏဢဥဈအဨ် ဇမဟဂဢဋဘဦဳဏဢဉဗကဢဤ 17 ဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဎဗဈဢဨဃဗဂဢဨ ဎအဥဆဠကဢဦဉလဈဢဋမဠဂဢဦဉဘဥဆဢဣဥဝခဤညိဂဢဥျ ဋဗဈဢဥညိဂဢဥျ ကသဏဢ (ဏသဆဢဨဈဗဋဢဦ) ညိဂဢဥျ ဇအဦညိဂဢဥျ ရဆဘဤဇမဟဂဢ ဆဠကဢဦဉလဈဢ ဉဘဥ ဆဢဣဥဖဍဂဢဤငလငဢဥ (Frence Protectorate) ဋမဠဏဢဥ 1893 ် ဉဠဈဢဨဎိဆဢဥဉဘဥဆဢဣဥထဋဢဦဈဗဃဢဥဖဍဂဢဤငလငဢဥဋိကဢဥဋမဠဏဢဥ 1907 ဉဠကဢဦဆဂဢဥဉလဈဢဋမဠဂဢဦရတဘခဋဢဦဆယဥ ဋမဠဂဢဦဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦ ဌဠဤ တဂဢဦရခဘဋဘဦ ဇသဂဢဥကဋဢဦငိဂဢ် ဝဋဦဉမဈဢဤကဗဈဢညိဂဢဦဂဋဢဦဋယဦရတဘခဋဢဦဉဘဥဆဢဣဥဋအဗဋယဥဉမဠဂဢဂဏဢဥဉမဟဂဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦ ဃိဋဢဦဎိကဢဦဎအဗဦနယဩဋိကဢဨခရဍဩငယဩဋမဠဏဢဥဉယ 1953 ဃဏဢဥငယငဏဗဂဢဤဏဠဂဢဦ ငမဟဉဢဤဉလဈဢဃဏဢဥရတဘခဋဢဦ (ဎဗဏဢဦေဂဢဨဃဏဢဥငယဦဏမဆဢဨ)ဃဏဢဥငဟဏဈဢဦဈညဠဋဢဦဋဘဦ ဉလဈဢဃိဋဢညိဂဢဦဎဠဂဢရကဘဧတသကဢဥ် ဏလဂဢဦဎဠဂဢရကဘဥခအဗဧဋဘဦဆဂဢဥဆယဥဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ်
ဇမဟဂဢဋဘဦ 1960 ဎဠဂဢဉိဂဢဃမဟဂဢဥဆဂဢဦဉဘဤဆယဤခိဋဢဩဋမဏဢဩဈမငဢဨဆဢ ဆသကဢဤဃဆဢဨကဈဢကမဠဆဢဤဉလဈဢငမဟကဢဦကဗဂဢဋမဠဂဢဦရင ဎဗဏဢဦရဆဘဤဎဗဏဢဦ ခဘဥတသဋဢကဈဢ် ညိဂဢဦဈဈဢဨ ညိဂဢဦဉလဈဢငမဟကဢဦ ဏသဆဢဨဈဗဋဢဦဆဢဣဥျ ဏသဆဢဨဈဗဋဢဦဈမဠဏဢ် ငမဟကဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦညိဂဢဦဈဈဢဨ ရကဘဧဉလဈဢဉယဥထအဗဥ ဃဏဢဥ ငဟဏဈဢဦဈညဠဋဢဦဋဘဦ ဉလဈဢညဠဥထိဈဢဳဏဢဖအဗဤဎဠဂဢဉိဂဢဃမဟဂဢဥရင ဃဟဋဢဦခိဋဢဩဋမဏဢဩ ဈမငဢဨဆဢ ထဈဢထဏဢဃမဟဏဢဥညဆလငဢဨဎဗဏဢဦ (Pathet Lao) ငဋဢဨဈိဂဢဨဃအဗဦဃဏဢဥငဟညဘဦဈဟဏဠဂဢဦဉလဈဢရကဘဧထိဈဢဳဏဢ ဖအဗဤဎဟကဢဨညမဟဈဢဨဝဎဥ ငမဟကဢဦငိဂဢဉယဥဈိဂဢဨဈအရကဘဥဏဘဥ် ဋမဠဏဢဥ 1973 ခမဟဈဢဦဎယကဈဢ ကသဉဢဨဈမဟဂဢဥ် ဇမဟဂဢဋဘဦ 1975 ဖအဗဤညဆလငဢဨဎဗဏဢဦခိဂဢဈိဂဢဨဃအဗဦဎအဥထိဂဢဤရဉဨရင ဉဠကဢဦဆဂဢဥဋမဠဂဢဦငဘဇဘဍဈဍဆဢဨဉငဘဦဇမဉဆအဩ ဉငဘဦငဠဈဢဦဎဗဏဢဦ (Lao People’s Democratic Republic) ညိဂဢဦဂဋဢဦဎဠစဢဥဎိကဢဦဉမဠဂဢခိဋဢဩဋမဏဢဩဈမငဢဨဆဢ် ဖအဗဤဎဠဂဢဉိဂဢဃမဟဂဢဥခိဂဢ ဉယဥထအဗဥကဋဢဥညိဂဢဥထိဈဢကဈဢထိကဢဤဉအဗဥကဣဘဤဌဠဤငဏဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦထရဋဩ ဍမခမဠဏဢဩဉဟဈဢဨ် ဆဂဢဥထဏဢဉယ 1989 ခမဟဈဢဦဆသဋဢဥဋအဗဋယဥဉမဠဂဢဂဏဢဥဉမဟဂဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦရင ဇမဟဂဢဋဘဦဉယ 1991 ဝဋဦဉမဈဢဤဉလဈဢဎိကဢဦဉမဠဂဢညိဂဢဦဂဋဢဦဃိဋဢဃမဟဂဢဥ ထဈဢဎမဠကဢဥဆဂဢဥဎဠစဢဥင ညဘဦဃမဠဏဢဨ ဃဗဆဢဥ (National Assembly) 5 ဉယ ဎမဠကဢဥဆဂဢဥ 1 ဉိကဢဥဈဈဢဨဋဘဦရဆဘဤဏဈဢဦဋမဠဏဢဥဈအဨျ ဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဎအဥခဏဢဥဉလဈဢဎဟကဢဥဃဟဋဢဦထဘဩငမဌဈဢဩ (ASEAN) ဋမဠဏဢဥဉယ 1997 ်
ဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဌဗဋဢဦဎလဏဢ |
| ဃမဟဏဢဥဋမဠဂဢဦ |
ငဘဇဘဍဈဍဆဢဨ ဉငဘဦဇမဉဆအဩ ဉငဘဦငဠဈဢဦဎဗဏဢဦ (ဃမဟဂဢဥဋမဠဂဢဦနယဩဋိကဢဩခရဍဩငယဩ ကဠဈဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦ)် |
| ဆဈဢဦတလဂဢဦ |
ဌဠဤဈဢဣဦကဟဈဢရထဩငာါမဏဢဩဃလဂဢဤဃဗဈဢဦဏဈဢဦထိကဢဤျ ဉဘဥဈမဠဏဢဆမဆဢဦဃဉဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦဆအဦဈဢဣဦဝခဤျ ဆဗဂဢဦထိကဢဤဋယဦဋမဠဂဢဦဆအဦဈဢဣဦကသဏဢျ ဉဘဥဆဢဣဥဋယဦဋမဠဂဢဦခဋလဈဢျ ဆဗဂဢဦဆဠကဢဦ ဋယဦဋမဠဂဢဦဇအဦဝဎဥဉိဆဢဦဆဗဂဢဦဃလဂဢဤေဂဢဤဏဈဢဦဆဠကဢဦဋယဦဋမဠဂဢဦဆအဦဈဢဣဦဋဗဈဢဥ် |
| ဆဗဂဢဦကဣဗဂဢဥ |
ဋယဦ 94ဤ429 ဎကဢဦခအဣဤဎိကဢဦ (236ဤ800 ခအဣဤဎိကဢဦကယဩဎဠဏဢဩ)ျ ဋယဦဝဋဥဈဋဢဨခိဂဢခဈဢဥဉလဈဢဎသဈဢဎမဈဢဆဂဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦဆအဦဈဢဣဦဋဗဈဢဥဇအဦဝဎဥခဋလဈဢ် |
| ဏလဂဢဦဎဠဂဢ |
ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ (Vientiane ထိကဢဤငလဂဢ Viang-jan) ျ ဃသကဢဤကဗဈဢညိဂဢဦဂဋဢဦဉလဈဢငိဂဢဨဃဈဢဨ- ဃဈဢဨဈဢဣဦညဘငဂဢဨဎဠဂဢ ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢေဂဢဨဏဘဥခလဆဢဤဈဢဣဦကဋဢဥဉသဂဢဦ (ဳဏဢဨထဟဆဢဤ)ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ ဝဎဥဃဈဢဨဈိကဢဥညဘငဂဢဨဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ ေဂဢဨဏဘဥခလဆဢဤဈိကဢဥကဋဢဥဉသဂဢဥဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ် ရဉဘဦဆဠစဢဦဈဢဣဦညသဈဢဤဆယဥဃမဟဂဢ ဆဈဢဦတလဂဢဦဆယဥဆဂဢဥ ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢရဆ ဎအဥတဈဢဈိဂဢဃဈဢဈအဆယဥဈမဟဂဢဥဝဎဥ ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢဈအဨဎသဉဢဥရဆေဂဢဨဃိဋဢဦဈဋဢဨဳစဢဥဃဈဢ/ဈိဂဢဃဈဢဈအဌဠဤျ ဃမဠဂဢဨဈဂဢဤဏလဂဢဦဈိဂဢငဠဋဢထဈဢ ဉမဈဢဤဋဘဦေဂဢဨထဌဟဆဢဨ ဇဌဘဦ ဝဎဥဏလဂဢဦကလဂဢဦဆဟဂဢေဂဢဨဃိဋဢဦဈိဂဢဆဟဂဢ် |
| ဳဏဢကဠဈဢဦ |
ဋယဦကဠဈဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦ 6ဧ7 ဎဗဈဢဨ (ဈဢဣဦဉယ 2006) |
| ဃိဋဢဃမဟဂဢဥ |
ဆဗဏဢဨဃဟဋဢဦဋဎယဦ ငအဦဌငိဈဢ |
| ဃိဋဢညိဂဢဦဎဠဂဢ |
ဆဗဏဢဨပဠဏဢဦငိဈဢ ဉဟဉဢဨညဘဏဈဢဦ |
| ခမဠဏဢဦကဠဈဢဦ |
ဉလဈဢကဠဈဢဦခမဠဏဢဦဆအဦထအဗဥဎဗဏဢဦခမဠဏဢဦဈမဟဂဢဥ ထဈဢဎဟကဢဨဃလဂဢဤဃဗဈဢဦဏဈဢဦဆဠကဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦဝခဤဎဠဂဢဦဋဘဦဌဠဤဈဢဣဦဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဉိဆဢဦဈမဠဏဢ (ဆဠဂဢဤဆဗဂဢဤဋမဠဂဢဦဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦ ဋမဠဏဢဥဎလဏဢ) ဋိကဢဥဋမဠဏဢဥဉယခဍမငဢဨဆဢ 8 ဳဏဢဉဗကဢဤဃလဂဢဉယရငဉဠကဢဦဆဂဢဥဋမဠဂဢဦရတဘခဋဢဦဋဘဦဎအဗဃဠဏဢဥဉဗဈဢျ ငလဂဢဥငဟဆဢဦခဟဈဢငမဟဉဢဤဎဗဈဢဨဃဗဂဢဨဋမဠဏဢဥ 1975် ဃဏဢဥဉအဗဦ ဉမဟဈဢဦခဏဢဈဉဢဨငိဈဢဤကဠဈဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဏဘဥဉလဈဢဈဢဣဦဃဟဋဢဦခမဠဏဢဦကဠဈဢဦဈမဠဏဢဨဎမဠဂဢ (mongoloid) ထဈဢဎဗဆဢဥကဣဗဋဢဦဈဢဣဦဃဟဋဢဦဆအဦဃဟဂဢဦ (Tai-kadai language) ဋမဠဈဢ ဈဂဢဤခမဠဏဢဦထမဟဈဢဤ် |
| ဃဗဏဢဦခမဠဏဢဦ |
ဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဈအဨ ဏအဗဦဉယ 1975 ဋဘဦ ဎအဥဝညဃဗဏဢဦခမဠဏဢဦထိကဢဤဉလဈဢငဗဋဢဃဟဋဢဦ ဃိဋဢဦဋအဗဋယဥဉမဠဂဢဂဏဢဥဉမဟဂဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦ ထဈဢညိဂဢဦဂဋဢဦဎဠစဢဥဎိဂဢဥညလဂဢဤဉလဂဢဦဇဗဂဢဤတဗဂဢဥျ ဃဗဏဢဦခမဠဏဢဦငဗဋဢဃဟဋဢဦဈဈဢဨ- ကဠဈဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဃမဠဏဢဦဎဗဆဢဥ ကဣဗဋဢဦဆအဦ-ကနအဦေဂဢဨဏဘဥ ဎဗဏဢဦဎဟဋဢဥ (ဎဗဏဢဦဇဟဂဢဨဉလဂဢဦျ ဃမဠဏဢဦဉလဈဢခမဠဏဢဦဆအဦထအဗဥဎဗဏဢဦ ဃမဠဂဢဨဈဂဢဤ ဎဗဏဢဦဎမဟဏဢဨ ငဠဂဢဨ ညဠဈဢဦ ဝဎဥဆအဦဎဋဢဃမဠဏဢဦဈအဨ)ျ ဃဟဋဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဎဟဋဢဥဋယဦဋိကဢဥ 66%် ကဠဈဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဃမဠဏဢဦဎဗဆဢဥကဣဗဋဢဦဋိဈဢဦ-ခဝဋဦ ထဈဢဋယဦဋိကဢဥ 23% ေဂဢဨဏဘဥ ဎဗဏဢဦဇမဠဂဢဦျ ဈဉဢဨဳဋဢဥဆဂဢဦဃဗဏဢဦဝခဤဆဂဢဦဃဗဏဢဦကသဏဢ ဋယဦဳဏဢကဠဈဢဦဋိကဢဥ 1ဧ0% ် ကဠဈဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦဃမဠဏဢဦဉလဈဢဃဗဏဢဦခမဠဏဢဦဋဠဂဢဨ (ဇအဦေဂဢဨဋသဏဢဨ) ဝဎဥခမဠဏဢဦ ဋသဈဢဦ (ဇအဦေဂဢဨဌဗဏဢဨ) ဋယဦဋိကဢဥ 10% ဈဈဢဨ ငဋဢဨေဂဢဨဏဘဥ ဎဗဏဢဦငဟဂဢ် ငဠဂဢငမဟဉဢဤဋမဟဆဢဥဆဠဏဢကဏဢဤဏဘဥဉလဈဢကဠဈဢဦဎဗဏဢဦျ ထဋဢဤဈဈဢဎဗဏဢဦဎဟဋဢဥျ ဎဗဏဢဦဇမဠဂဢဦျ ဎဗဏဢဦငဟဂဢ ဃိဋဢဦဈဂဢဤဋအဗဋယဥဆသဉဢဦဆဆဢဦဏအဨျ (ထဋဢဤဋယဦဎိဂဢဥဃသကဢဤဝညဏဘဥ ကဏဢဉလဈဢခမဠဏဢဦဈအဨျ ဋဈဢဦဉလဈဢခမဠဏဢဦဈဈဢဨ် |
| ဆယဥကမဠဏဢဦဎယ |
ဃမဠဏဢဦဈဉဢဨဌဋဢဉဟဆဢဨဇငဘငဈဘ ဖအဗဤဆကဢဨခမဈဌဘဈ (ရဇဍဏဘဆ) ဋယဦဋိကဢဥ 48ဧ8 %် ဈဉဢဨဌဋဢညယဉဠဤဋိဈဢဤဈအဗဦဌဘဥဋယဦဋိကဢဥ 41ဧ7%် ထဋဢဤဈဉဢဨဌဋဢ ငဂဢ 4ဧ3%် ခဍမငဢဨဆဢ 2ဧ1%် ငဘငဈဘထမဟဈဢဤဋယဦဋိကဢဥ 3ဧ1%် |
| ဎမကဢဥဎအဗဦ |
ဃဢဣဧဆမဟဏဢဦဎမကဢဥဎဗဏဢဦကဗဂဢ ေဂဢဨဏဘဥဎမကဢဥဎဗဏဢဦဏလဂဢဦ ဉလဈဢဎမကဢဥဈဢဣဦဎဟဋဢဦဈဢဣဦဃအဗဦ် ဆဂဢဦဎမကဢဥဇအဦထဋဢဤရဉဘဦဉမဠဂဢဥကဈဢျ ထဋဢဤဋယဦဆဠဏဢငဈဢငကဍမဆဢဥ ခဠဈဢဦခဏဢဦဋမဠဈဢဎမကဢဥဇအဦ် ဎမကဢဥဎဗဏဢဦဈမဠဏဢ ဋမဠဈဢဎမကဢဥဌဠဈဢဦဎမကဢဥခမဟဈဢျ ဃဢဣဧဈဢဣဦဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဉိဆဢဦဈမဠဏဢဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦျ ရပဘဤကသဏဢဥျ ဎဠဂဢဈဋဢဨဇဘဦျ ထဟနဟဋဢဦ ခာအဦဝဎဥဋမဠဂဢဦငမဂဢဋမဠဂဢဦထဠဃမဠဏဢဦဈအဨ် ဎမကဢဥဎဗဏဢဦဉိဆဢဦဃလဂဢဤေဂဢဤဏဈဢဦထိကဢဤ ဃဢဣဧဆမဟဏဢဦဆဗဂဢဦကလဂဢဦခဣဗဂဢျ ဳဏဢညဈဢဦတဘဥဆဂဢဦဳကဢဦဃမဠဏဢဦဈအဨ် ဎမကဢဥဎဗဏဢဦ ကဗဂဢဆဗဂဢဦဉိဆဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦခဋဢဦဋဠဈဢဥဝဎဥ ညဠဏဢဦဎမခဋဢဦငအဦဃမဠဏဢဦဈအဨ် ဎမကဢဥဎဗဏဢဦဆဢဣဥ ဃဢဣဧဆမဟဏဢဦဆဗဂဢဦဃဋဢဉဘငကဢဦျ ငဏဈဢဈခလဆဢဤျငဘဎဏဈဢဦဝဎဥထဆဢဨ ဆဉမဟဏဢဦဃမဠဏဢဦဈအဨ် ဎမဠဏဢရငဎမကဢဥဎဗဏဢဦဏလဂဢဦဈအဨ ထဈဢကမဟဆဢဦ 4 ငသဈဢဦဈဈဢဨ တဗဂဢဥဖဗဂဢဝဎဥဎအဗဦဆသဋဢဥဋဈဢဦဃဋဢကဈဢဆဂဢဦဎမကဢဥဎဗဏဢဦဈမဠဏဢထဈဢေဂဢဨဏဘဥ ဎမကဢဥဇဋဢဦဎဗဈဢဨဈဘဦ် ဈဉဢဨဎအဥဏဘဥ ဎမကဢဥဆအဦဈဢဣဦဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦဋယဦ 5 ငသဈဢဦ် ဎမကဢဥဃဈဢဨငိဂဢဉလဈဢဎမကဢဥဖဍဂဢဥငလငဢဥျ ဃဈဢဨငဗဋဢဉလဈဢဎမကဢဥကသဏဢျ ဎမကဢဥ ထဂဢဦကမဆဢဨဃဂဢဤဋဘဦဉလဈဢဆယဥငယဤ် |
| ခဠဏဢဦခိဂဢထိကဢဤ |
ခဏဢဥ ခဏဢဥကဗဉဢဤ ဖမဈဢဤဎမဉဢဦ (ဌဘဥဎဋဢ) ကဘဥဝဖဦျ ဌဘဥဎသဂဢဝဎဥဌဠဂဢဦကဟစဢ် ဈဢဣဦဇမဠဈဢဤထိကဢဤဋအဨဋယဦကဘဥခဈဢ် ခမဠဂဢဥဋမဟဏဢဨကသဂဢဝဎဥဈဋဢဨဋဈဢဦကမဈဢ် ဋယဦဉဘဦ ဇဗဈဢဤတမဈဢ ဝတဥဎလကဢဦဝဎဥငသဂဢဃမဠဏဢဦဈအဨ် |
| ငလဈဢဥဆဗဂဢဦ |
ငလဈဢဥဆဘဥငအဗဆဗဂဢဦထဋဢဤရဉဘဦဎယျ ဳစဢဥဎအိငဟဂဢဃဈဢဦငလဈဢဥဆဗဂဢဦဆအဤဈမဠဏဢငဈဢဎအိကဋဢဥဉဘဥဈဋဢျ ဆဗဂဢဦကသဉဢဥရငဆဘဧဉလဈဢဆဗဂဢဦငမဠဏဢဤဌဗဂဢကဋဢဥ ဈဋဢ် ထဋဢဤဋယဦဆဗဂဢဦဎဠဆဢဨဖအဦ် |
| ကဗဈဢရဆဘဧငဠဂဢဤ |
ဆဗဂဢဦဎဠဆဢဨ ဆဗဂဢဦဳမဏဢဦ ဝဎဥဆဗဂဢဦဳမဏဢဦဋမဈဢ (ကဣဘဤဂအဗဥဉအဎဠဋဢဎိဆဢဥဎသဏဢဦ)် |
| ကဗဈဢငမဟဏဢဤ |
ညမဟဈဢခဗဏဢဤျ ဋသကဢဨကဃမဈဢဦျ ထမဈဢဩဇမဠဏဢဩဈသဆဢဨျဝဇဩဎယဩဖဠဈဢဩဝဎဥဇယဩဏယဩ (ဇယဩဏယဩ ဋယဦဎဗဏဢဦဈမဟဂဢဥခံဂဢဨျ ကသဏဢဈမဟဂဢဥခံဂဢဨျ ဝခဤဈမဟဂဢဥခံဂဢဨျဇအဦဆဠစဢဦဎအဥ ကဠဥခံဂဢဨျ ကဗဈဢပဈဢဦဇမဠဂဢဦ(ဎိဂဢဥဋဠဈဢဥငမဠဏဢဦ) ဉလဈဢညလဂဢဦဇအဦ 85%် |
| ဂမဟဈဢဦဆိဂဢဦ |
ဃဢဣဧဂမဟဈဢဦ ကမဉဢဤ (KN) 1 ရနဘဩဎမဠဏဢဩရဋဩဍမခမဠဏဢဩဎသကဢဥဎအဥဂမဟဈဢဦဎဗဏဢဦ 7ဤ600 ကမဉဢဤ ($ 1=KN 7,600)ဂမဟဈဢဦဇအဦ 1 ဏဗဆဢဤ ဎသကဢဥဎအဥဋိကဢဥ 265 ကမဉဢဤဎဗဏဢဦ် |
| ကဗဈဢကဘဧခအဗ |
-ကဗဈဢငဠဂဢဤထိကဢဤ (Exports) ဆဂဢဦဉယ (1998) 369ဤ500ဤ000 ရနဘဩဎမဠဏဢဩ်
-ကဗဈဢငဠဂဢဤခဏဢဥ -(Imports) ဆဂဢဦဉယ (1998) 552ဤ800ဤ000 ရနဘဩဎမဠဏဢဩ် |
| ဳဋဢဤဎဠဋဢဥ |
ထလဈဢတသဂဢဦငမဟကဢဦဆဠဂဢဨဈမဟဂဢ (2001) ဋယဦ 29ဤ100 ် ဃသကဢဤဉလဈဢငမဟကဢဦဈဘဥဎမဈဢ 85ဧ9%ျ ငမဟကဢဦဈဘဥဈဋဢဨ 2ဧ1% ငမဟကဢဦကဗဂဢတဗဏဢ 12ဧ0%် |
ရဆဎဗဆဢဥဝဈခဗဏဢဦဆဗဂဢဦဆဂဢဥထဏဢကလဂဢဦဋဢဣဤထိကဢဤကဣဘဤထဟနိဈဢဦဇဘဦဈယဦ ခယဤပဆဢဨငဢထိကဢဤ 20ဦ00 ဋဠဂဢဦ ဇမဟဂဢ 07ဦ00 ဋဠဂဢဦျ ကဘဥဎဠဆဢဨ 1 ရကဘဧ 600 ဏဗဆဢဤျ ဎဠဆဢဨထိကဢဤထဟ နိဈဢဦ 10ဦ00 ဋဠဂဢဦ် ညအဗဥညဗဈဢဤကလဆဢဨဃဏဢဥဈဘဥဆယဥဇအဦခဗဋဢဥခဠဏဢဈဋဢဨခိဂဢဆယဥဈိဂဢခအဗဦဌဏဢဨ ဇမဟဂဢဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢဋိကဢဥ 13ဦ00 ဋဠဂဢဦျ ကဘဥဎဠဆဢဨ 1 ရကဘဧ 80 ဏဗဆဢဤျ (ဆယဥငဏဢဦတသဋဢဦ ထဏဢကဋဢဨဃဢဣျ ဋယဦကဠဥငသဈဢဦ)် ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ ဌဠဤဖဂဢဤ ဏဈဢဦထိကဢဤဝဋဥဈဋဢဨခိဂဢျ ဖဂဢဤဇအဦဉလဈဢရဃဩဏလဂဢဦူငယကလဂဢဦဋဢဣဤ ဈဢဣဦရဃဩဆိဈဢဥဈိဂဢခအဗဦ ဆဗဂဢဦဆဠကဢဦဝဋဥဈဋဢဨခိဂဢ် ကဠဈဢဦ ဎဗဏဢဦ ဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ ဌမဉဢဦဏဢဣညဗဈဢဤဎသဈဢဎမဈဢခဏဢဥဋမဠဂဢဦဇအဦဎအဥ 2 ရဃဩဆိဈဢဥ (ဈိဂဢခအဗဦဝဎဥထဟနိဈဢဦ) ဌဠဤဎအဥ 7 ဏဈဢဦ် ရဉဘဦဋယဦညဗငဢဨဉိဆဢဨ ဝဎဤဇမဟဂဢကလဂဢဦဋဢဣဤျ ဋမဠဂဢဦကိကဢဤ ဎအဥ 15 ဏဈဢဦ (ထဋဢဤဆဗဉဢဥဌိဈဢဦဏယဩငဘဩ)ျ ရဉဘဦခဏဢဥတလဈဢဦဎမကဢဥဝဎဥတလဆဢဦကဗဈဢဋမဠဂဢဦဇအဦ ဃဂဢဤဎအဥ ဌိဈဢဦဏယဩငဘဩ်
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| တဗဂဢဥညသဈဢဤဎမဈဢဋမဠဂဢဦဎဗဏဢဦ |
ဎဟကဢဨဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢဇမဟဂဢရဃဩဆိဈဢဥငဋဢဦဈမဠဏဢ ခယဤဎဠဆဢဨတမဟဂဢ 8 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦျ ဎဟကဢဨငဋဢဦဈမဠဏဢဇမဟဂဢဎသဈဢဎမဈဢကသဏဢဝခဤ 4 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦျဏလဂဢဦငဋဢဦဈမဠဏဢဉလဈဢဈဘဥဎမဈဢငဗဋဢဃလဂဢဤ ဎဗဏဢဦ/ကသဏဢ/ဝခဤ (ဎဗဏဢဦ-ငဋဢဦဈမဠဏဢျ ကသဏဢ-ဎဗဏဢဦ ကအဗ ဝဎဥဝခဤ-ဳဏဢခဠဏဢ)် ဎဟကဢဨဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢ ဇမဟဂဢဏလဂဢဦဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦ ခယဤဎဠဆဢဨတမဟဂဢ 8 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦျ ဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦဉလဈဢဋမဠဂဢဦရတဘ ခဋဢဦဎဗဏဢဦျ ဋမဠဏဢဥထိဈဢဆဗဂဢဦေဂဢဨဏဘဥ ဋမဠဂဢဦကလဂဢဦဆိဂဢဦျ ဏလဂဢဦရတဘခဋဢဦဆဂဢဥဌဠဤတမဋဢဦဖဂဢဤဈဋဢဨခိဂဢ ဋမဠဈဢဏလဂဢဦဃဈဢျ ဏအဗဦရငဎအဥဉဗဂဢဦထဏဢူညဘဦဃဏဢဥညပဗဂဢဦဋမဠဂဢဦခဋလဈဢဋဘဦ ဏအဨဈဢဣဦကလဂဢဦဆိဂဢဦ ဌဏဢဨ ဃဂဢဤဝဋဦေဂဢဨဋမဠဂဢဦဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦ (ပဗဂဢဦ-ဉိဂဢဤဏဘဥ ဏဂဢဦဏအဨ ဝတဧဏအဨျ ညပဗဂဢဦ ရကဘဥဉိဂဢဤဏဘဥ ူညဘဦဉလဈဢဃဏဢဥညဠဥဝတဧခလဈဢတအဗဧ)် ဎဟကဢဨဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦဇမဟဂဢဏလဂဢဦ ထဟနဟဋဢဦခအာဦ တမဟဂဢ 8 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦျ ဎဟကဢဨထဟနဟဋဢဦခာအဦဇမဟဂဢဎသဈဢဎမဈဢရပဘဤဆလဈဢ (ဎဗဏဢဦ)ျ ရပဘဤတဗဈဢဈဢဣဦ 12 ဉဈဢဦဈဘဦ (ဝခဤ) တမဟဂဢ 4 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦျ ရပဘဤတဗဈဢ (ရဋဘဤဎလကဢဦ) ဇမဟဂဢ ဋမဠဂဢဦဎဘဧ 1 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦျ ဋမဠဂဢဦဎဘဧဇမဟဂဢဏလဂဢဦကလဂဢဦတဟဂဢဥ 2 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦ်
ဎဟကဢဨဎဠဂဢညပဗဂဢဦဇမဟဂဢဎဠဂဢဈဋဢဨဇဘဦ 8 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦျ ဎဠဂဢဈဋဢဨဇဘဦဇမဟဂဢရပဘဤဆလဈဢ-ရပဘဤတဗဈဢ 2 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦ် ဎဟကဢဨဎဠဂဢဈဋဢဨဇဘဦ ဇမဟဂဢဏလဂဢဦဉဗကဢဤပသဂဢဦ (ဖဂဢဤဈဋဢဨခိဂဢ) တမဟဂဢ 2 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦျ ဉဗကဢဤပသဂဢဦခယဤဳမဏဢဦခမဟဈဢဥဃိဋဢဦဈဋဢဨခိဂဢဇမဟဂဢဋမဠဂဢဦဳစဢဥငအဗဦ (ခသဣဂဢရပဘဤကသဏဢဥ) တမဟဂဢ 2 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦျ ဌဏဢဨရကဘဥခဗဋဢဥဈဋဢဨခိဂဢဇမဟဂဢဏလဂဢဦကလဂဢဦခိဂဢ (ဈဢဣဦရဃဩဆိဈဢဥကလဂဢဦတအဗဦ) 5 ဋမဈမဆဢဨ် ကလဂဢဦတအဗဦဇမဟဂဢကလဂဢဦဋဢဣဤ 5 ဃဠဏဢဥဋဠဂဢဦ်
ထဗဂဢဥထမဂဢ် ် Encyclopaedia, Britannica Almanac: USA, 2005. / The Encyclopeadia of World Geography:
Edited by Graham Bateman & Victoria Egan, USA, 2000. / A guide Book of Lao, 2005.
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